Originální popis anglicky:
ipc - System V interprocess communication mechanisms
Návod, kniha: Linux Programmer's Manual
# include <sys/types.h>
# include <sys/ipc.h>
# include <sys/msg.h>
# include <sys/sem.h>
# include <sys/shm.h>
This manual page refers to the Linux implementation of the System V interprocess
communication mechanisms: message queues, semaphore sets, and shared memory
segments. In the following, the word
resource means an instantiation of
one among such mechanisms.
For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type
struct
ipc_perm to store information needed in determining permissions to perform
an ipc operation. The
ipc_perm structure, defined by the
<sys/ipc.h> system header file, includes the following members:
ushort cuid; /* creator user id */
ushort cgid; /* creator group id */
ushort uid; /* owner user id */
ushort gid; /* owner group id */
ushort mode; /* r/w permissions */
The
mode member of the
ipc_perm structure defines, with its lower
9 bits, the access permissions to the resource for a process executing an ipc
system call. The permissions are interpreted as follows:
0400 Read by user.
0200 Write by user.
0040 Read by group.
0020 Write by group.
0004 Read by others.
0002 Write by others.
Bits 0100, 0010, and 0001 (the execute bits) are unused by the system.
Furthermore, "write" effectively means "alter" for a
semaphore set.
The same system header file also defines the following symbolic constants:
- IPC_CREAT
- Create entry if key doesn't exist.
- IPC_EXCL
- Fail if key exists.
- IPC_NOWAIT
- Error if request must wait.
- IPC_PRIVATE
- Private key.
- IPC_RMID
- Remove resource.
- IPC_SET
- Set resource options.
- IPC_STAT
- Get resource options.
Note that
IPC_PRIVATE is a
key_t type, while all the other
symbolic constants are flag fields and can be OR'ed into an
int type
variable.
A message queue is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its
msqid)
and has an associated data structure of type
struct msqid_ds, defined
in
<sys/msg.h>, containing the following members:
struct ipc_perm msg_perm;
ushort msg_qnum; /* no of messages on queue */
ushort msg_qbytes; /* bytes max on a queue */
ushort msg_lspid; /* pid of last msgsnd call */
ushort msg_lrpid; /* pid of last msgrcv call */
time_t msg_stime; /* last msgsnd time */
time_t msg_rtime; /* last msgrcv time */
time_t msg_ctime; /* last change time */
- msg_perm
- ipc_perm structure that specifies the access
permissions on the message queue.
- msg_qnum
- Number of messages currently on the message queue.
- msg_qbytes
- Maximum number of bytes of message text allowed on the
message queue.
- msg_lspid
- ID of the process that performed the last msgsnd
system call.
- msg_lrpid
- ID of the process that performed the last msgrcv
system call.
- msg_stime
- Time of the last msgsnd system call.
- msg_rtime
- Time of the last msgcv system call.
- msg_ctime
- Time of the last system call that changed a member of the
msqid_ds structure.
A semaphore set is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its
semid)
and has an associated data structure of type
struct semid_ds, defined
in
<sys/sem.h>, containing the following members:
struct ipc_perm sem_perm;
time_t sem_otime; /* last operation time */
time_t sem_ctime; /* last change time */
ushort sem_nsems; /* count of sems in set */
- sem_perm
- ipc_perm structure that specifies the access
permissions on the semaphore set.
- sem_otime
- Time of last semop system call.
- sem_ctime
- Time of last semctl system call that changed a
member of the above structure or of one semaphore belonging to the
set.
- sem_nsems
- Number of semaphores in the set. Each semaphore of the set
is referenced by a non-negative integer ranging from 0 to
sem_nsems-1.
A semaphore is a data structure of type
struct sem containing the
following members:
ushort semval; /* semaphore value */
short sempid; /* pid for last operation */
ushort semncnt; /* nr awaiting semval to increase */
ushort semzcnt; /* nr awaiting semval = 0 */
- semval
- Semaphore value: a non-negative integer.
- sempid
- ID of the last process that performed a semaphore operation
on this semaphore.
- semncnt
- Number of processes suspended awaiting for semval to
increase.
- semznt
- Number of processes suspended awaiting for semval to
become zero.
A shared memory segment is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its
shmid) and has an associated data structure of type
struct
shmid_ds, defined in
<sys/shm.h>, containing the following
members:
struct ipc_perm shm_perm;
int shm_segsz; /* size of segment */
ushort shm_cpid; /* pid of creator */
ushort shm_lpid; /* pid, last operation */
short shm_nattch; /* no. of current attaches */
time_t shm_atime; /* time of last attach */
time_t shm_dtime; /* time of last detach */
time_t shm_ctime; /* time of last change */
- shm_perm
- ipc_perm structure that specifies the access
permissions on the shared memory segment.
- shm_segsz
- Size in bytes of the shared memory segment.
- shm_cpid
- ID of the process that created the shared memory
segment.
- shm_lpid
- ID of the last process that executed a shmat or
shmdt system call.
- shm_nattch
- Number of current alive attaches for this shared memory
segment.
- shm_atime
- Time of the last shmat system call.
- shm_dtime
- Time of the last shmdt system call.
- shm_ctime
- Time of the last shmctl system call that changed
shmid_ds.
msgctl(2),
msgget(2),
msgrcv(2),
msgsnd(2),
semctl(2),
semget(2),
semop(2),
shmat(2),
shmctl(2),
shmdt(2),
shmget(2),
ftok(3)
