Originální popis anglicky:
paste - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files
Návod, kniha: POSIX Programmer's Manual
paste [-s][-d list]
file...
The
paste utility shall concatenate the corresponding lines of the given
input files, and write the resulting lines to standard output.
The default operation of
paste shall concatenate the corresponding lines
of the input files. The <newline> of every line except the line from the
last input file shall be replaced with a <tab>.
If an end-of-file condition is detected on one or more input files, but not all
input files,
paste shall behave as though empty lines were read from
the files on which end-of-file was detected, unless the
-s option is
specified.
The
paste utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
- -d list
- Unless a backslash character appears in list, each
character in list is an element specifying a delimiter character.
If a backslash character appears in list, the backslash character
and one or more characters following it are an element specifying a
delimiter character as described below. These elements specify one or more
delimiters to use, instead of the default <tab>, to replace the
<newline> of the input lines. The elements in list shall be
used circularly; that is, when the list is exhausted the first element
from the list is reused. When the -s option is specified:
- *
- The last <newline> in a file shall not be
modified.
- *
- The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of
list after each file operand is processed.
When the
-s option is not specified:
- *
- The <newline>s in the file specified by the last
file operand shall not be modified.
- *
- The delimiter shall be reset to the first element of list
each time a line is processed from each file.
If a backslash character appears in
list, it and the character following
it shall be used to represent the following delimiter characters:
- \n
<newline>.
- \t
<tab>.
- \\
Backslash character.
- \0
Empty string (not a null character). If
'\0' is immediately followed by the character 'x' , the
character 'X' , or any character defined by the LC_CTYPE
digit keyword (see the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 7, Locale), the results are
unspecified.
If any other characters follow the backslash, the results are unspecified.
- -s
- Concatenate all of the lines of each separate input file in
command line order. The <newline> of every line except the last line
in each input file shall be replaced with the <tab>, unless
otherwise specified by the -d option.
The following operand shall be supported:
- file
- A pathname of an input file. If '-' is specified for
one or more of the files, the standard input shall be used; the
standard input shall be read one line at a time, circularly, for each
instance of '-' . Implementations shall support pasting of at least
12 file operands.
The standard input shall be used only if one or more
file operands is
'-' . See the INPUT FILES section.
The input files shall be text files, except that line lengths shall be
unlimited.
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
paste:
- LANG
- Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization
Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to
determine the values of locale categories.)
- LC_ALL
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of
all the other internationalization variables.
- LC_CTYPE
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to
multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
- LC_MESSAGES
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- NLSPATH
- Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES .
Default.
Concatenated lines of input files shall be separated by the <tab> (or
other characters under the control of the
-d option) and terminated by
a <newline>.
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
None.
None.
The following exit values shall be returned:
- 0
- Successful completion.
- >0
- An error occurred.
If one or more input files cannot be opened when the
-s option is not
specified, a diagnostic message shall be written to standard error, but no
output is written to standard output. If the
-s option is specified,
the
paste utility shall provide the default behavior described in
Utility Description Defaults .
The following sections are informative.
When the escape sequences of the
list option-argument are used in a shell
script, they must be quoted; otherwise, the shell treats the
'\' as a
special character.
Conforming applications should only use the specific backslash escaped
delimiters presented in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
Historical implementations treat
'\x' , where
'x' is not in this
list, as
'x' , but future implementations are free to expand this list
to recognize other common escapes similar to those accepted by
printf
and other standard utilities.
Most of the standard utilities work on text files. The
cut utility can be
used to turn files with arbitrary line lengths into a set of text files
containing the same data. The
paste utility can be used to create (or
recreate) files with arbitrary line lengths. For example, if
file
contains long lines:
cut -b 1-500 -n file > file1
cut -b 501- -n file > file2
creates
file1 (a text file) with lines no longer than 500 bytes (plus the
<newline>) and
file2 that contains the remainder of the data from
file. Note that
file2 is not a text file if there are lines in
file that are longer than 500 + {LINE_MAX} bytes. The original file can
be recreated from
file1 and
file2 using the command:
paste -d "\0" file1 file2 > file
The commands:
paste -d "\0" ...
paste -d "" ...
are not necessarily equivalent; the latter is not specified by this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and may result in an error. The construct
'\0' is used to mean "no separator" because historical
versions of
paste did not follow the syntax guidelines, and the
command:
could not be handled properly by
getopt().
- 1.
- Write out a directory in four columns:
- 2.
- Combine pairs of lines from a file into single lines:
None.
None.
Utility Description Defaults ,
cut ,
grep ,
pr
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE
Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue
6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original
Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html
.
