Originální popis anglicky:
fort77 - FORTRAN compiler (
FORTRAN)
Návod, kniha: POSIX Programmer's Manual
fort77 [-c][-g][-L
directory ]... [-O
optlevel][-o
outfile][-s][-w ]
operand...
The
fort77 utility is the interface to the FORTRAN compilation system; it
shall accept the full FORTRAN-77 language defined by the ANSI X3.9-1978
standard. The system conceptually consists of a compiler and link editor. The
files referenced by
operands are compiled and linked to produce an
executable file. It is unspecified whether the linking occurs entirely within
the operation of
fort77; some implementations may produce objects that
are not fully resolved until the file is executed.
If the
-c option is present, for all pathname operands of the form
file .f, the files:
shall be created or overwritten as the result of successful compilation. If the
-c option is not specified, it is unspecified whether such
.o
files are created or deleted for the
file .f operands.
If there are no options that prevent link editing (such as
-c) and all
operands compile and link without error, the resulting executable file shall
be written into the file named by the
-o option (if present) or to the
file
a.out. The executable file shall be created as specified in the
System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, except that
the file permissions shall be set to:
S_IRWXO | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXU
and that the bits specified by the
umask of the process shall be cleared.
The
fort77 utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines,
except that:
- *
- The -l library operands have the format of
options, but their position within a list of operands affects the order in
which libraries are searched.
- *
- The order of specifying the multiple -L options is
significant.
- *
- Conforming applications shall specify each option
separately; that is, grouping option letters (for example, -cg)
need not be recognized by all implementations.
The following options shall be supported:
- -c
- Suppress the link-edit phase of the compilation, and do not
remove any object files that are produced.
- -g
- Produce symbolic information in the object or executable
files; the nature of this information is unspecified, and may be modified
by implementation-defined interactions with other options.
- -s
- Produce object or executable files, or both, from which
symbolic and other information not required for proper execution using the
exec family of functions defined in the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 has been removed (stripped). If both
-g and -s options are present, the action taken is
unspecified.
- -o outfile
- Use the pathname outfile, instead of the default
a.out, for the executable file produced. If the -o option is
present with -c, the result is unspecified.
- -L directory
- Change the algorithm of searching for the libraries named
in -l operands to look in the directory named by the
directory pathname before looking in the usual places. Directories
named in -L options shall be searched in the specified order. At
least ten instances of this option shall be supported in a single
fort77 command invocation. If a directory specified by a -L
option contains a file named libf.a, the results are
unspecified.
- -O optlevel
- Specify the level of code optimization. If the
optlevel option-argument is the digit '0' , all special code
optimizations shall be disabled. If it is the digit '1' , the
nature of the optimization is unspecified. If the -O option is
omitted, the nature of the system's default optimization is unspecified.
It is unspecified whether code generated in the presence of the -O
0 option is the same as that generated when -O is omitted. Other
optlevel values may be supported.
- -w
- Suppress warnings.
Multiple instances of
-L options can be specified.
An
operand is either in the form of a pathname or the form
-l
library. At least one operand of the pathname form shall be specified.
The following operands shall be supported:
- file.f
- The pathname of a FORTRAN source file to be compiled and
optionally passed to the link editor. The filename operand shall be of
this form if the -c option is used.
- file.a
- A library of object files typically produced by ar,
and passed directly to the link editor. Implementations may recognize
implementation-defined suffixes other than .a as denoting object
file libraries.
- file.o
- An object file produced by fort77 -c and
passed directly to the link editor. Implementations may recognize
implementation-defined suffixes other than .o as denoting object
files.
The processing of other files is implementation-defined.
- -l library
- (The letter ell.) Search the library named:
A library is searched when its name is encountered, so the placement of a
-l operand is significant. Several standard libraries can be specified
in this manner, as described in the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.
Implementations may recognize implementation-defined suffixes other than
.a as denoting libraries.
Not used.
The input file shall be one of the following: a text file containing FORTRAN
source code; an object file in the format produced by
fort77 -c;
or a library of object files, in the format produced by archiving zero or more
object files, using
ar. Implementations may supply additional utilities
that produce files in these formats. Additional input files are
implementation-defined.
A <tab> encountered within the first six characters on a line of source
code shall cause the compiler to interpret the following character as if it
were the seventh character on the line (that is, in column 7).
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
fort77:
- LANG
- Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization
Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to
determine the values of locale categories.)
- LC_ALL
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of
all the other internationalization variables.
- LC_CTYPE
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to
multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
- LC_MESSAGES
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- NLSPATH
- Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES .
- TMPDIR
- Determine the pathname that should override the default
directory for temporary files, if any.
Default.
Not used.
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages. If more than one
file operand ending in
.f (or possibly other unspecified
suffixes) is given, for each such file:
may be written to allow identification of the diagnostic message with the
appropriate input file.
This utility may produce warning messages about certain conditions that do not
warrant returning an error (non-zero) exit value.
Object files, listing files, and executable files shall be produced in
unspecified formats.
The
fort77 utility shall recognize the following
-l operand for
the standard library:
- -l f
- This library contains all functions referenced in the
ANSI X3.9-1978 standard. This operand shall not be required to be
present to cause a search of this library.
In the absence of options that inhibit invocation of the link editor, such as
-c, the
fort77 utility shall cause the equivalent of a
-l f operand to be passed to the link editor as the last
-l operand, causing it to be searched after all other object files and
libraries are loaded.
It is unspecified whether the library
libf.a exists as a regular file.
The implementation may accept as
-l operands names of objects that do
not exist as regular files.
The FORTRAN compiler and link editor shall support the significance of external
symbols up to a length of at least 31 bytes; case folding is permitted. The
action taken upon encountering symbols exceeding the implementation-defined
maximum symbol length is unspecified.
The compiler and link editor shall support a minimum of 511 external symbols per
source or object file, and a minimum of 4095 external symbols total. A
diagnostic message is written to standard output if the implementation-defined
limit is exceeded; other actions are unspecified.
The following exit values shall be returned:
- 0
- Successful compilation or link edit.
- >0
- An error occurred.
When
fort77 encounters a compilation error, it shall write a diagnostic
to standard error and continue to compile other source code operands. It shall
return a non-zero exit status, but it is implementation-defined whether an
object module is created. If the link edit is unsuccessful, a diagnostic
message shall be written to standard error, and
fort77 shall exit with
a non-zero status.
The following sections are informative.
None.
The following usage example compiles
xyz.f and creates the executable
file
foo:
The following example compiles
xyz.f and creates the object file
xyz.o:
The following example compiles
xyz.f and creates the executable file
a.out:
The following example compiles
xyz.f, links it with
b.o, and
creates the executable
a.out:
The name of this utility was chosen as
fort77 to parallel the renaming of
the C compiler. The name
f77 was not chosen to avoid problems with
historical implementations. The ANSI X3.9-1978 standard was selected as
a normative reference because the ISO/IEC version of FORTRAN-77 has been
superseded by the ISO/IEC 1539:1990 standard (Fortran-90).
The file inclusion and symbol definition
#define mechanisms used by the
c99 utility were not included in this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001-even though they are commonly
implemented-since there is no requirement that the FORTRAN compiler use the C
preprocessor.
The
-onetrip option was not included in this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, even though many historical compilers
support it, because it is derived from FORTRAN-66; it is an anachronism that
should not be perpetuated.
Some implementations produce compilation listings. This aspect of FORTRAN has
been left unspecified because there was controversy concerning the various
methods proposed for implementing it: a
-V option overlapped with
historical vendor practice and a naming convention of creating files with
.l suffixes collided with historical
lex file naming practice.
There is no
-I option in this version of this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 to specify a directory for file inclusion.
An INCLUDE directive has been a part of the Fortran-90 discussions, but an
interface supporting that standard is not in the current scope.
It is noted that many FORTRAN compilers produce an object module even when
compilation errors occur; during a subsequent compilation, the compiler may
patch the object module rather than recompiling all the code. Consequently, it
is left to the implementor whether or not an object file is created.
A reference to MIL-STD-1753 was removed from an early proposal in response to a
request from the POSIX FORTRAN-binding standard developers. It was not the
intention of the standard developers to require certification of the FORTRAN
compiler, and IEEE Std 1003.9-1992 does not specify the military
standard or any special preprocessing requirements. Furthermore, use of that
document would have been inappropriate for an international standard.
The specification of optimization has been subject to changes through early
proposals. At one time,
-O and
-N were Booleans: optimize and do
not optimize (with an unspecified default). Some historical practice led this
to be changed to:
- -O 0
- No optimization.
- -O 1
- Some level of optimization.
- -O n
- Other, unspecified levels of optimization.
It is not always clear whether "good code generation" is the same
thing as optimization. Simple optimizations of local actions do not usually
affect the semantics of a program. The
-O 0 option has been included to
accommodate the very particular nature of scientific calculations in a highly
optimized environment; compilers make errors. Some degree of optimization is
expected, even if it is not documented here, and the ability to shut it off
completely could be important when porting an application. An implementation
may treat
-O 0 as "do less than normal" if it wishes, but
this is only meaningful if any of the operations it performs can affect the
semantics of a program. It is highly dependent on the implementation whether
doing less than normal is logical. It is not the intent of the
-O 0
option to ask for inefficient code generation, but rather to assure that any
semantically visible optimization is suppressed.
The specification of standard library access is consistent with the C compiler
specification. Implementations are not required to have
/usr/lib/libf.a, as many historical implementations do, but if not they
are required to recognize
f as a token.
External symbol size limits are in normative text; conforming applications need
to know these limits. However, the minimum maximum symbol length should be
taken as a constraint on a conforming application, not on an implementation,
and consequently the action taken for a symbol exceeding the limit is
unspecified. The minimum size for the external symbol table was added for
similar reasons.
The CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS section clearly specifies the behavior of the
compiler when compilation or link-edit errors occur. The behavior of several
historical implementations was examined, and the choice was made to be silent
on the status of the executable, or
a.out, file in the face of compiler
or linker errors. If a linker writes the executable file, then links it on
disk with
lseek()s and
write()s, the partially linked executable
file can be left on disk and its execute bits turned off if the link edit
fails. However, if the linker links the image in memory before writing the
file to disk, it need not touch the executable file (if it already exists)
because the link edit fails. Since both approaches are historical practice, a
conforming application shall rely on the exit status of
fort77, rather
than on the existence or mode of the executable file.
The
-g and
-s options are not specified as mutually-exclusive.
Historically these two options have been mutually-exclusive, but because both
are so loosely specified, it seemed appropriate to leave their interaction
unspecified.
The requirement that conforming applications specify compiler options separately
is to reserve the multi-character option name space for vendor-specific
compiler options, which are known to exist in many historical implementations.
Implementations are not required to recognize, for example,
-gc as if
it were
-g -c; nor are they forbidden from doing so. The
SYNOPSIS shows all of the options separately to highlight this requirement on
applications.
Echoing filenames to standard error is considered a diagnostic message because
it would otherwise be difficult to associate an error message with the erring
file. They are described with "may" to allow implementations to use
other methods of identifying files and to parallel the description in
c99.
A compilation system based on the ISO/IEC 1539:1990 standard (Fortran-90)
may be considered for a future version; it may have a different utility name
from
fort77.
ar ,
asa ,
c99 ,
umask() , the System Interfaces
volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
exec
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE
Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue
6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original
Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html
.
