Originální popis anglicky:
du - estimate file space usage
Návod, kniha: POSIX Programmer's Manual
du [-a | -s][-kx][-H |
-L][ file ...]
By default, the
du utility shall write to standard output the size of the
file space allocated to, and the size of the file space allocated to each
subdirectory of, the file hierarchy rooted in each of the specified files. By
default, when a symbolic link is encountered on the command line or in the
file hierarchy,
du shall count the size of the symbolic link (rather
than the file referenced by the link), and shall not follow the link to
another portion of the file hierarchy. The size of the file space allocated to
a file of type directory shall be defined as the sum total of space allocated
to all files in the file hierarchy rooted in the directory plus the space
allocated to the directory itself.
When
du cannot
stat() files or
stat() or read directories,
it shall report an error condition and the final exit status is affected.
Files with multiple links shall be counted and written for only one entry. The
directory entry that is selected in the report is unspecified. By default,
file sizes shall be written in 512-byte units, rounded up to the next 512-byte
unit.
The
du utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
- -a
- In addition to the default output, report the size of each
file not of type directory in the file hierarchy rooted in the specified
file. Regardless of the presence of the -a option, non-directories
given as file operands shall always be listed.
- -H
- If a symbolic link is specified on the command line,
du shall count the size of the file or file hierarchy referenced by
the link.
- -k
- Write the files sizes in units of 1024 bytes, rather than
the default 512-byte units.
- -L
- If a symbolic link is specified on the command line or
encountered during the traversal of a file hierarchy, du shall
count the size of the file or file hierarchy referenced by the link.
- -s
- Instead of the default output, report only the total sum
for each of the specified files.
- -x
- When evaluating file sizes, evaluate only those files that
have the same device as the file specified by the file operand.
Specifying more than one of the mutually-exclusive options
-H and
-L shall not be considered an error. The last option specified shall
determine the behavior of the utility.
The following operand shall be supported:
- file
- The pathname of a file whose size is to be written. If no
file is specified, the current directory shall be used.
Not used.
None.
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
du:
- LANG
- Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization
Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to
determine the values of locale categories.)
- LC_ALL
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of
all the other internationalization variables.
- LC_CTYPE
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to
multi-byte characters in arguments).
- LC_MESSAGES
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- NLSPATH
- Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES .
Default.
The output from
du shall consist of the amount of space allocated to a
file and the name of the file, in the following format:
"%d %s\n", <size>, <pathname>
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
None.
None.
The following exit values shall be returned:
- 0
- Successful completion.
- >0
- An error occurred.
Default.
The following sections are informative.
None.
None.
The use of 512-byte units is historical practice and maintains compatibility
with
ls and other utilities in this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. This does not mandate that the file system
itself be based on 512-byte blocks. The
-k option was added as a
compromise measure. It was agreed by the standard developers that 512 bytes
was the best default unit because of its complete historical consistency on
System V (
versus the mixed 512/1024-byte usage on BSD systems), and
that a
-k option to switch to 1024-byte units was a good compromise.
Users who prefer the 1024-byte quantity can easily alias
du to
du -k without breaking the many historical scripts relying on
the 512-byte units.
The
-b option was added to an early proposal to provide a resolution to
the situation where System V and BSD systems give figures for file sizes in
blocks, which is an implementation-defined concept. (In common usage,
the block size is 512 bytes for System V and 1024 bytes for BSD systems.)
However,
-b was later deleted, since the default was eventually decided
as 512-byte units.
Historical file systems provided no way to obtain exact figures for the space
allocation given to files. There are two known areas of inaccuracies in
historical file systems: cases of
indirect blocks being used by
the file system or
sparse files yielding incorrectly high values. An
indirect block is space used by the file system in the storage of the file,
but that need not be counted in the space allocated to the file. A
sparse file is one in which an
lseek() call has been made to a
position beyond the end of the file and data has subsequently been written at
that point. A file system need not allocate all the intervening zero-filled
blocks to such a file. It is up to the implementation to define exactly how
accurate its methods are.
The
-a and
-s options were mutually-exclusive in the original
version of
du. The POSIX Shell and Utilities description is implied by
the language in the SVID where
-s is described as causing "only
the grand total" to be reported. Some systems may produce output for
-sa, but a Strictly Conforming POSIX Shell and Utilities Application
cannot use that combination.
The
-a and
-s options were adopted from the SVID except that the
System V behavior of not listing non-directories explicitly given as operands,
unless the
-a option is specified, was considered a bug; the BSD-based
behavior (report for all operands) is mandated. The default behavior of
du in the SVID with regard to reporting the failure to read files (it
produces no messages) was considered counter-intuitive, and thus it was
specified that the POSIX Shell and Utilities default behavior shall be to
produce such messages. These messages can be turned off with shell redirection
to achieve the System V behavior.
The
-x option is historical practice on recent BSD systems. It has been
adopted by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 because there was
no other historical method of limiting the
du search to a single file
hierarchy. This limitation of the search is necessary to make it possible to
obtain file space usage information about a file system on which other file
systems are mounted, without having to resort to a lengthy
find and
awk script.
None.
ls , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
stat()
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE
Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue
6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original
Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html
.
